SMPS(Switch Mode Power Supply)

SMPS (Switch Mode Power Supply)

                Yellow – 12 V

                Red – 5 V

                SMPS stands for Switch Mode Power Supply. It is a power device of a computer which takes 220-230 volt AC from the main line or City line and converts it into +/- 12 V, +/- 5V, 3.3V DC which are taken as input by other components of the Computer like mother board, hard disk drive, CD ROM drive, etc.

SMPS are of two types:

1)       AT SMPS – Advanced Technology SMPS

2)       ATX SMPS – Extended Advanced Technology SMPS

Difference between AT SMPS & ATX SMPS:

a)       With the basis of label, we can easily identify the AT & ATX SMPS.

b)       In AT SMPS, the power connector for mother board is of 2 rows (6+6) pins connector called P8 & P9 connector. But in ATX SMPS, the power connector for mother board is Single row 20 pins/24pins connector called P1 connector.

c)       In AT SMPS, when we shut down the computer by proper command then system gives the message as “It is now safe to turn off your computer.” But in ATX SMPS, system doesn’t give any message.

How the SMPS is situated in a case:

AT SMPS:                                                                                              ATX SMPS:

 

Software

Software:

Software is a set of program which is used for different purpose. It is also defined as the program concerned with operation of the hardware in the data system.

Types of Software:-

v  System Software:-The software required for running user program is known as system software. System software is the collection of the programs written for computer, which allows the user to develop and run programs.

Mainly system software is divided into two parts:

1. Operating system is a program: - Operating system is a program which controls overall operations (activities) of the computer. It is the media point between the computer and operators, dos, UNIX, windows are the example of operating system.

2. Utility program:- Utility program are those programs, which are used for managing files or folders, working with  files or folders or drives and developing writing and testing the programs.

v  Application software:-The software written for special purpose (specific) in a specific language is known as application software. These programs perform certain task with respect to related program MS-Word, MS-Excel, MS- PowerPoint, adobe PageMaker, freehand, Photoshop, and AutoCAD are the examples of application software.

Secondary storage devices

 Secondary memory: - The secondary memory is the external memory. Secondary storage allows string large volumes of data. The contents of secondary storage are not lost when the power is turned OFF

1. Hard Disk: -Hard disk is a large capacity, permanent storage area that offers access to the information stored on it. Hard disk is always fixed in the computer and cannot be removed. Huge number of data can be stored in this type of storage media.

2. Floppy Disk:-Floppy disks are magnetically coated disks on which information; both programs and data typed from the keyboard can be stored and retrieved. It is also called portable disk drive.

3. CD-ROM (Compact disk Read Only Memory):- It is non erasable disk used for storing data.

4. Pen Drive: - It also a portable drive used for transferring data one to another computer.

Fundamental of Computer

Fundamental of computer

The term "Computer has been derived from Latin word Computare" which means: calculate. Similarly, in English language Calculate means to do mathematical operation. So, Computer is an electronic device which accepts raw data, processes it according to the specific instruction and gives the result as new information. This is also a digital operating device. But, the computers originated with a huge size and extreme processing capabilities.

Characteristics of Computer:

Ø  Speed: - It can carry out the computation very fast.

Ø  Accuracy: - The results generated by computer are very accurate.

Ø  Versatility: - It can process multiple types of data.

Ø  Automatic: -If instructions are given correctly, it can work automatic.

Ø  Storage: -It can store a huge amount of data.

Ø  Diligent: -It is very hard-working in its work.

System Unit: - When data is input to a computer, it is processed and an output is produced at the output device. Processing takes place in the system unit. The component of the system unit that is involved in the actual processing is the microprocessor.

Input: Through which user can insert data or through which user can give instruction is called input unit. E.g. Keyboard, Mouse, Scanner, Microphone.

Process: Process is the manipulation of data as per given instruction.

Control Unit

Control Unit:-

The control unit directs all operations inside the computer. It is known as nerve center of the computer because it controls and co-ordinates all hardware operations.

Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU):- It operates on the data available in the main memory and amends them back after processing once again to the main memory.

Hardware: - Computer Hardware is visible part on which user can store their program.

Output: Output is the processed data. It is also called result. E.g. Printer, Monitor/ Screen, Speaker.

Data: - Data is just like raw material which provides some meaningful result after processing.

Primary memory

Primary memory: - It is also called the main memory or the central memory. This memory is attached on the motherboard. There are two types of primary memory:-

  a) ROM (Read Only Memory):-It is permanently in built into the computer at the time of its production. It stores a set of instruction and instructs the computer how to work. The user cannot change these instructions. ROM is non-volatile, that is, when computer goes off the instruction is not lost.

  b) RAM (Random Access Memory): - It is short-term memory of volatile memory. That is, when the computer is switched ON, the memory, which available to use is RAM, but when the computer is switched OFF, all the information disappears. RAM is temporary whereas ROM is permanent memory. It is read/write, memory i.e. user can either write on to this memory or read from it.

Meaning of Marketing

This is the age of marketing. Marketing activities are part of everyday life. All types of organizations needs marketing have gained a great deal of important in modern organizations to achieve goals. Organizations success depends on marketing ability.
To the general public, marketing is selling products. However, selling is only a part of marketing. Marketing satisfies customer needs. It creates value for customers.
Marketing is demand management. It stimulates demand for products. It helps to find out customers’ needs. It decides what products should be offered to satisfy their needs. It matches products with customers’ needs.
Marketing is concerned not only with attracting customer but also with retaining customers. It is carried on long after the customer has bought the product. It aims to develop long term relationships with the customers.
Marketing identifies and satisfies human and social needs to achieve organizational objectives.

Ms –excel

Ms –excel

Excel is a spreadsheet and calculation based program where we can insert data, process them, sort them, filter them and create chart from the data etc. in this program we can perform various kinds of mathematical, statistical and logical calculation. The file of ms-excel is called workbook and its extension is ‘xlsx’.

Worksheet

The large working area of a workbook is called worksheet. There are 1048576 rows and 16384 columns in a worksheet.

Cell

The intersection between row and column is called cell. Each cell contains 32000 characters.

Row

Vertical group of cell is called row.

Column

Horizontal group of cell is called column.

Starting ms-excel

1.   Click on start/run

2.   Type ‘excel’ in run box.

3.   Click on ok.

 

Petroleum product

Petroleum product is non-renewable sources of energy. Especially diesels, kerosene, petrol, LP Gas, LD are known as petroleum product. Petroleum product is back one of economy. So every country having the potential of petroleum sources in the world has given important in the exploration and development petroleum product. The main reason behind this is that no believable source of energy as the alternative of petroleum has been found yet. On the other hand, the alternative of it is inevitable for the modern human civilization in the coming decades because the mines of the petroleum emptying day by day. The economy of USA, Japan, Western Europe and many other countries are completely dependent on petroleum product. Nepal has also the same condition ; its need of petroleum totally best on international of product in Nepalese market is supplied in accordance to the NOCL’s interaction with the IOC.

Nepal Oil Corporation Ltd. (NOCL) was estabilished in the very beginning of the seventies. This Company did challenging work of building infrastructure and making arrangements against the oil crisis that prevailed globally during that period. Before the establishment of NOCL, foreign companies in a very adhoc basiss carried out the function of suppliying petroleum fuel to Nepal. With the aim of availing continuous supply through a national company. NOCL, was established. The company built its infrastructure in the same period successfully. After the erisis was, over the company grew in matured organization. Providing regular supply of petroleum to the nation in. In the eighties it also provided leadership in establishing companies like Lube Oil Limited. Bitumen & Barrel industry. Gakhkali Rubber Limited .etc.

Information technology

Any form of technology, i.e. any equipment or technique, used by the people to handle information. Although the abacus and the printing press are example of IT, the term usually refers to modern technology based on electronics. It thus incorporates both the technology of computing and of telephony, television, and other means of telecommunication. It has applications I  industry, commerce, science, education  medicine and in the home, the development of IT is recognized worldwide as being if major importance, especially since cost reductions have made large scale IT systems economically possible.

What was I talking about? Oh yeah. Advice.

Without further ado, then, here are Joel's Seven Pieces of Free Advice for Computer Science College Students (worth what you paid for them):

1. Learn how to write before graduating.
2. Learn C before graduating.
3. Learn microeconomics before graduating.
4. Don't blow off non-CS classes just because they're boring.
5. Take programming-intensive courses.
6. Stop worrying about all the jobs going to India.
7. No matter what you do, get a good summer internship.

Now for the explanations, unless you're gullible enough to do all that stuff just because I tell you to, in which case add: 8. Seek professional help for that self-esteem thing.
Learn how to write before graduating.
Would Linux have succeeded if Linus Torvalds hadn't evangelized it? As brilliant a hacker as he is, it was Linus's ability to convey his ideas in written English via email and mailing lists that made Linux attract a worldwide brigade of volunteers.
Have you heard of the latest fad, Extreme Programming? Well, without getting into what I think about XP, the reason you've heard of it is because it is being promoted by people who are very gifted writers and speakers.
Even on the small scale, when you look at any programming organization, the programmers with the most power and influence are the ones who can write and speak in English clearly, convincingly, and comfortably. Also it helps to be tall, but you can't do anything about that.
The difference between a tolerable programmer and a great programmer is not how many programming languages they know, and it's not whether they prefer Python or Java. It's whether they can communicate their ideas. By persuading other people, they get leverage. By writing clear comments and technical specs, they let other programmers understand their code, which means other programmers can use and work with their code instead of rewriting it. Absent this, their code is worthless. By writing clear technical documentation for end users, they allow people to figure out what their code is supposed to do, which is the only way those users can see the value in their code. There's a lot of wonderful, useful code buried on sourceforge somewhere that nobody uses because it was created by programmers who don't write very well (or don't write at all), and so nobody knows what they've done and their brilliant code languishes.
I won't hire a programmer unless they can write, and write well, in English. If you can write, wherever you get hired, you'll soon find that you're getting asked to write the specifications and that means you're already leveraging your influence and getting noticed by management.
Most colleges designate certain classes as "writing intensive," meaning, you have to write an awful lot to pass them. Look for those classes and take them! Seek out classes in any field that have weekly or daily written assignments.
Start a journal or weblog. The more you write, the easier it will be, and the easier it is to write, the more you'll write, in a virtuous circle.

introduction of computer science

Despite the fact that it was only a year or two ago that I was blubbering about how rich Windows GUI clients were the wave of the future, college students nonetheless do occasionally email me asking for career advice, and since it's recruiting season, I thought I'd write up my standard advice which they can read, laugh at, and ignore.
Most college students, fortunately, are brash enough never to bother asking their elders for advice, which, in the field of computer science, is a good thing, because their elders are apt to say goofy, antediluvian things like "the demand for keypunch operators will exceed 100,000,000 by the year 2010" and "lisp careers are really very hot right now."
I, too, have no idea what I'm talking about when I give advice to college students. I'm so hopelessly out of date that I can't really figure out AIM and still use (horrors!) this quaint old thing called "email" which was popular in the days when music came on flat round plates called "CDs."
So you'd be better off ignoring what I'm saying here and instead building some kind of online software thing that lets other students find people to go out on dates with.
Nevertheless.
If you enjoy programming computers, count your blessings: you are in a very fortunate minority of people who can make a great living doing work they enjoy. Most people aren't so lucky. The very idea that you can "love your job" is a modern concept. Work is supposed to be something unpleasant you do to get money to do the things you actually like doing, when you're 65 and can finally retire, if you can afford it, and if you're not too old and infirm to do those things, and if those things don't require reliable knees, good eyes, and the ability to walk twenty feet without being out of breath, etc.